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Anthropopithecus

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pithecanthropus" redirects here. For Pithecanthropus alalus, see <a href="Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>. For Pithecanthropus rudolfensis, see <a href="Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">Homo rudolfensis</a>. For Pithecanthropus erectus, see <a href="Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"man-ape" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="Apeman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Apeman (disambiguation)">apeman</a>. For the Marvel Comics character, see <a href="Man-Ape" title="Man-Ape">Man-Ape</a>.</div>

The terms Anthropopithecus (<a href="Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville" title="Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville">Blainville</a>, 1839) and Pithecanthropus (<a href="Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a>, 1868) are obsolete taxa describing either <a href="Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> or <a href="Archaic_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a>. Both are derived from Greek ἄνθρωπος (anthropos, "man") and πίθηκος (píthēkos, "ape" or "monkey"), translating to "man-ape" and "ape-man", respectively.

Anthropopithecus was originally coined to describe the <a href="Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a> and is now a <a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">junior synonym</a> of <a href="Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a>. It had also been used to describe several other extant and extinct species, among others the fossil <a href="Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>. Very quickly, the latter was re-assigned to Pithecanthropus, originally coined to refer to a theoretical "<a href="Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">missing link</a>". Pithecanthropus is now classed as <a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>, thus a junior synonym of <a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Anthropopithecus was first proposed in 1841 by the French <a href="Zoology" title="Zoology">zoologist</a> and <a href="Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomist</a> <a href="Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville" title="Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville">Henri-Marie Ducrotay de Blainville</a> (1777–1850) in order to give a genus name to some <a href="Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a> material that he was studying at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Wiley-Blackwell-Encyclopedia-Human-Evolution-1">[1]</a>

After the genus Anthropopithecus was established by De Blainville in 1839, the British <a href="Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a> and <a href="Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> <a href="John_Bland-Sutton" title="John Bland-Sutton">John Bland-Sutton</a> (1855–1936) proposed the <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> name Anthropopithecus troglodytes in 1883 to designate the <a href="Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">common chimpanzee</a>. However, the genus Pan had already been attributed to chimpanzees in 1816 by the German naturalist <a href="Lorenz_Oken" title="Lorenz Oken">Lorenz Oken</a> (1779–1851). Since any earlier <a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">nomenclature</a> prevails over subsequent nomenclatures, the genus Anthropopithecus definitely lost its validity in 1895,<a href="#cite_note-Tubbs-2">[2]</a> becoming from that date a <a href="Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym">junior synonym</a> of the genus Pan.<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a>

In 1879,<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> the French <a href="Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologist</a> and <a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> <a href="Louis_Laurent_Gabriel_de_Mortillet" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet">Gabriel de Mortillet</a> (1821–1898) proposed the term Anthropopithecus to designate a "<a href="Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">missing link</a>", a hypothetical intermediate between ape and man that lived in the <a href="Tertiary_period" title="Tertiary period">Tertiary</a> and that supposedly, following De Mortillet's theory, produced <a href="Eolith" title="Eolith">eoliths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mortillet-5">[4]</a> In his work of 1883 Le Préhistorique, antiquité de l'homme (The Prehistoric: Man's Antiquity, below quoted after the 2nd edition, 1885<a href="#cite_note-Mortillet-5">[4]</a>), De Mortillet writes:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Nous sommes donc forcément conduits à admettre, par une déduction logique tirée de l’observation directe des faits, que les animaux intelligents qui savaient faire du feu et tailler des pierres à l’époque tertiaire, n’étaient pas des hommes dans l’acception géologique et paléontologique du mot, mais des animaux d’un autre genre, des précurseurs de l’homme dans l’échelle des êtres, précurseurs auxquels j’ai donné le nom d’Anthropopithecus. Ainsi, par le seul raisonnement, solidement appuyé sur des observations précises, nous sommes arrivés à découvrir d’une manière certaine un être intermédiaire entre les anthropoïdes actuels et l’homme.<a href="#cite_note-Mortillet-5">[4]</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="templatequote">We are therefore forced to admit, as a consequence of a logical deduction drawn from the direct observation of the facts, that intelligent animals who knew how to make fire and cut stones in the Tertiary Period, were not men in the geological and paleontological sense of the word, but animals of another kind, precursors of Man in the <a href="Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">chain of beings</a>, precursors to whom I gave the name Anthropopithecus. Thus, by reasoning alone, firmly supported by precise observations, we have come to discover with certainty a being intermediate between the present <a href="Simian" title="Simian">anthropoids</a> and Man.</blockquote>

When in 1905 the French <a href="Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontologist</a>, <a href="Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">paleoanthropologist</a> and <a href="Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> <a href="Marcellin_Boule" title="Marcellin Boule">Marcellin Boule</a> (1861–1942) published a paper demonstrating that the eoliths were in fact <a href="Geofact" title="Geofact">geofacts</a> produced by natural phenomena (<a href="Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a>, <a href="Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">pressure</a>, <a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">fire</a>), the argument proposed by De Mortillet fell into disrepute and his definition of the term Anthropopithecus was dropped.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Yet the chimpanzee meaning of the genus persisted throughout the 19th century, even to the point of being a genus name attributed to <a href="Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> <a href="Biological_specimen" title="Biological specimen">specimens</a>. For example, a fossil primate discovered in 1878 by the British <a href="Malacology" title="Malacology">malacologist</a> <a href="William_Theobald" title="William Theobald">William Theobald</a> (1829-1908) in the <a href="Punjab%2C_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a> in <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> was first named Palaeopithecus in 1879 but later renamed Anthropopithecus sivalensis, assuming that these remains had to be brought back to the chimpanzee genus as the latter was being understood at the time. A famous example of a fossil Anthropopithecus is that of the <a href="Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>, discovered in 1891 in <a href="Trinil" title="Trinil">Trinil</a>, nearby the <a href="Solo_River" title="Solo River">Solo River</a>, in <a href="East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, by Dutch physician and anatomist <a href="Eug%C3%A8ne_Dubois" title="Eugène Dubois">Eugène Dubois</a>, who named the discovery with the scientific name Anthropopithecus erectus. This Dubois paper, written during the last quarter of 1892, was published by the Dutch government in 1893. In those early 1890s, the term Anthropopithecus was still being used by zoologists as the genus name of chimpanzees, so Dubois' Anthropopithecus erectus came to mean something like "the upright chimpanzee", or "the chimpanzee standing up". However, a year later, in 1893, Dubois considered that some anatomical characters proper to humans made necessary the attribution of these remains to a genus different than Anthropopithecus and he renamed the specimen of Java with the name Pithecanthropus erectus (1893 paper, published in 1894). Pithecanthropus is a genus that German <a href="Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> <a href="Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (1834-1919) had created in 1868.<a href="#cite_note-Wiley-Blackwell-Encyclopedia-Human-Evolution-1">[1]</a> Years later, in the 20th century, the German <a href="Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">paleoanthropologist</a> <a href="Franz_Weidenreich" title="Franz Weidenreich">Franz Weidenreich</a> (1873-1948) compared in detail the characters of Dubois' Java Man, then named Pithecanthropus erectus, with the characters of the <a href="Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>, then named Sinanthropus pekinensis. Weidenreich concluded in 1940 that because of their anatomical similarity with modern humans it was necessary to gather all these specimens of Java and China in a single species of the genus <a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a>, the species <a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wiley-Blackwell-Encyclopedia-Human-Evolution-1">[1]</a> By that time, the genus Anthropopithecus had already been abandoned since 1895 at the earliest.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

The term Anthropopithecus is scientifically obsolete in the present day but did become widespread in popular culture, mainly in <a href="France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>:

<ul><li>In his <a href="Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> <a href="Gil_Braltar" title="Gil Braltar">Gil Braltar</a> (1887), <a href="Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> uses the term anthropopithèque (Anthropopithecus) to describe the simian aspect of one of his characters, General McKackmale:</li></ul>

<blockquote class="templatequote">Il dormait bien, le général Mac Kackmale, sur ses deux oreilles, plus longues que ne le comporte l’ordonnance. Avec ses bras démesurés, ses yeux ronds, enfoncés sous de rudes sourcils, sa face encadrée d’une barbe rêche, sa physionomie grimaçante, ses gestes d’anthropopithèque, le prognathisme extraordinaire de sa mâchoire, il était d’une laideur remarquable, – même chez un général anglais. Un vrai singe, excellent militaire, d’ailleurs, malgré sa tournure simiesque.</blockquote>

<blockquote class="templatequote">He slept well, did General MacKackmale, with both eyes shut, though longer than was permitted by regulations. With his long arms, his round eyes deeply set under their beetling brows, his face embellished with a stubbly beard, his grimaces, his semi-human gestures,<a href="#cite_note-7">[note 2]</a> the extraordinary jutting-out of his jaw, he was remarkably ugly, even for an English general. Something of a monkey but an excellent soldier nevertheless, in spite of his apelike appearance.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></blockquote>

<ul><li>In the science-fiction novel La Cité des Ténèbres (The City of Darkness), written by French journalist and writer Léon Groc in 1926, the anthropopithèques (Anthropopithecuses) are a large herd of ape-men having reached a very low degree of civilisation.</li>

<li>English author George C Foster<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> makes use of both Pithecanthropus (aka Java Man) and <a href="Piltdown_Man" title="Piltdown Man"> Eoanthropus</a> in his 1930 novel Full Fathom Five. He dates the former, a discoverer that fire can be captured, to 500,000 years ago, and the latter, the first hominid to adopt clothing, to 200,000 years ago. For the purposes of the story, the conversations of both are rendered in contemporary English.</li>

<li>The <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="Comics_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics artist">comics author</a> <a href="Herg%C3%A9" title="Hergé">Hergé</a> made the term anthropopithèque (Anthropopithecus) one of the numerous <a href="Profanity" title="Profanity">swear words</a> of <a href="Captain_Haddock" title="Captain Haddock">Captain Haddock</a> in the <a href="Comic_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic album">comic album</a> series <a href="The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></li>

<li>In 2001, French singer <a href="Brigitte_Fontaine" title="Brigitte Fontaine">Brigitte Fontaine</a> wrote, sang and recorded the song titled Pipeau.<a href="#cite_note-11">[note 3]</a> In this song, the chorus repeats the term anthropopithèque (Anthropopithecus).</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Anthropomorpha" title="Anthropomorpha">Anthropomorpha</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaic_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></li>

<li><a href="Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li>

<li><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Human taxonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanzee" title="Humanzee">Humanzee</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> According to the current international consensus, the genus Pan includes two <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a>: the common chimpanzee (<a href="Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">Pan troglodytes</a>) and the bonobo or dwarf chimpanzee (<a href="Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Pan paniscus</a>).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The sentence ses gestes d’anthropopithèque was translated in 1959 by Idrisyn Oliver Evans as "his semi-human gestures".

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The French word pipeau refers to a type of <a href="Pipe_(instrument)" title="Pipe (instrument)">pipe</a>, but in French slang pipeau also refers to a lie.

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Wiley-Blackwell-Encyclopedia-Human-Evolution-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiley-Blackwell-Encyclopedia-Human-Evolution_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiley-Blackwell-Encyclopedia-Human-Evolution_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiley-Blackwell-Encyclopedia-Human-Evolution_1-2">c</a> Bernard Wood et alii, Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, June 2013 (single-volume paperback version of the original 2011 2-volume edition), 1056 pp.; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-1186-5099-8</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tubbs-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Tubbs_2-0">^</a> P. K. Tubbs, "Opinion 1368 The generic names Pan and Panthera (Mammalia, Carnivora): available as from Oken, 1816", Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (1985), volume 42, pp 365-370

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Pôle international de la Préhistoire "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pole-prehistoire.com/index.php/fr/decouvrir/les-ressources-en-ligne/espace-documentation/86-bibliotheque-numerique/148-le-prehistorique-antiquite-de-l-homme-gabriel-de-mortillet">Le Préhistorique, antiquité de l'homme / Gabriel de Mortillet</a>" (in French)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mortillet-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mortillet_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mortillet_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mortillet_5-2">c</a> <a href="Louis_Laurent_Gabriel_de_Mortillet" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet">Gabriel de Mortillet</a>, Le Préhistorique, antiquité de l'homme, Bibliothèque des sciences contemporaines, 2nd edition, Paris, C. Reinwald, 1885, 642 p. (in French)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="Marcellin_Boule" title="Marcellin Boule">Marcellin Boule</a>, "L'origine des éolithes", L'Anthropologie (1905), tome 16, pp. 257–267 (in French)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Translated from the French by Idrisyn Oliver Evans –The Best From Fantasy and Science Fiction (1959), 8th series, edited by Anthony Boucher, Ace Books, New York

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?125364">"Summary Bibliography: George C. Foster"</a>. Isfdb. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Albert Algoud, Le Haddock illustré, l'intégrale des jurons du capitaine, Casterman (collection "Bibliothèque de Moulinsart"), Brussels, November 1991, 93 p., 23,2cm x 15cm ; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>2-203-01710-4</bdi> (in French)

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>John de Vos, lecture <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/43875">The Dubois collection: a new look at an old collection</a>. In Winkler Prins, C.F. & Donovan, S.K. (eds.), VII International Symposium ‘Cultural Heritage in Geosciences, Mining and Metallurgy: Libraries - Archives - Museums’: “Museums and their collections”, Leiden (The Netherlands), 19–23 May 2003. Scripta Geologic, Special Issue, 4: 267-285, 9 figs.; Leiden, August 2004.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023145/http://www.pole-prehistoire.com/page.php?base_arbo=167&arbo_id=169&page_id=275">L'anthropopithèque</a> (from the "Pôle international de la Préhistoire", archived document, in <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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